Study Questions - Patterns of Evolution (1!)
1) Be able to write scientific names correctly.
2) What is the difference between cladogenic and anagenic perspectives (as represented by cladistic and phenetic taxonomy)?
3) What are the relationships between monophyly and paraphyly to these two approaches?
4) How do you move from an unrooted tree, which only maps similarities, to a rooted tree that attempts to show ancestor-descendant relationships?
5) Descriminate between plesiomorphies, homoplasies, synapomorphies, and autapomorphies.
6) Do problem 7 in the book.
7) What are the assumptions in UPGMA and how does likelihood estimation differ?
8) At the level of nucleotide substitutions, describe why some character changes might be more likely than others.
9) Given the follow data, calculate branch lengths.
| A | B | C | |
| A | 6 | 15 | |
| B | 12 | ||
| C |
10) What do the percentages above a branch represent in a bootstrapped tree, and in a Bayesian tree?
11) What are some shortcomings of nucleotide data for reconstructing phylogenies? What are LINE's and SINE's and how do they address some of these problems?