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Abu Bakr (632-634 CE)
- (Elected / acclaimed
by 'Umar b. al-Khattab and early Muslims)
- Wars of Apostacy / Riddah wars; Khalid b.
al-Walid defeates
Arab tribes by 633.
- Defeat of Byzantines at Battle of Ajnadayn
(in Palestine)
'Umar b. al-Khattab (634-644 CE:) (Designated
by Abu Bakr before his death)
635 CE: Conquest of Syria, capture of Damascus
636 CE: Persians defeated at Battle
of Qadisiyyah
637 CE: Byzantines defeated at river
Yarmuk
- Introduction of new calendar, beginning
with hijra
- Conquest of Jerusalem
- Syrian Christian Monophysites siding with
Muslim conquerors;
Monotheletism as a response by Byzantine church to win back support
fails...
- Founding of Kufah (garrison town; later
important center
of learning)
640 beginning of conquest of Egypt under `Amr b.
al-`As
641 Founding of Fustat, close to present day Cairo
642 Decisive defeat of Persians in Battle of
Nihawand
`Uthman b. `Affan (644 - 656 CE)
- (elected by Shura;
"council of elders")
649 CE: Conquest of Cyprus
656 CE: `Uthman is assassinated in context of insurrection;
`Ali elected Caliph
`Ali b. Abu Talib (656 - 661 CE)
- (elected by Shura;
"council of elders" / alt.: appointed by Muhammad at Ghadir Khumm)
- Battle of the Camel: `A'isha bt. Abu Bakr,
and some early
sahabah, challenge `Ali's legitimacy in battle; `Ali emerges victorious
657 CE: Battle of Siffin
- Mu'awiyah challenges `Ali in Battle;
outcome indecisive;
arbitration indecisive.
- Kharijites secede from `Ali's army.
658 CE: Battle of Nahrawan, `Ali defeats Kharijites
661 CE: `Ali assassinated by Kharijite Ibn Muljam
661- 750 CE Umayyad dynasty:
- Mu'awiyah "usurps" power, institutes
Umayyad dynasty
670 CE: Hassan b. `Ali dies
680 CE: Mu'awiyah dies; son Yazid b. Mu'awiyah
takes power
- Battle of Kerbala (Iraq): Husayn b. `Ali
defeated by large
army of Yazid b. Mu'awiyah
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