624 CE: : Change of Qiblah Toward Mecca

Battle of Badr (300 Muslims vs. 1000 Polytheists / Meccans)

Heavy Loss of Nobility on Meccan Side; Abu Sufyan henceforth Leader of meccan Opposition

Expulsion of the Jewish Tribe of the B. Qaynuqa

625 CE: : Battle of Uhud (1000 Muslims vs. 3000 Polytheists / Meccans, lead by Abu Sufyan)

Expulsion of the Jewish Tribe of the B. Nadir

627 CE: : Battle of al-Khandaq (the Trench)

Execution of the Jewish Tribe of the B. Qurayzah

628 CE: : attempted pilgrimage of Muslims to Mecca, leads to:

Treaty of al-Hudaybiyya

- 10 year pact of non-aggression

- no conversion of Meccans allowed, converts defecting from Mecca have to be returned

- agreement that Muslims retreat to Medina and will be allowed to undertake pilgrimage in following year.

629 CE: Year of delegations: messengers send to Egypt, Persian and Roman empire

630 CE: Allies of Mecca break treaty;

Conquest of Mecca involving minimal bloodshed

Ka'ba is cleansed of its idols, rededicated to one God

632 CE: Farewell Pilgrimage

Muhammad dies, Abu Bakr Succeeds as Caliph