| Dates |
|
Shari'a and Sources |
| 610 -
622 |
Qur'an:
Meccan Verses |
- Emphasis on theology: tawhid, afterlife,
lessons of history
basic practice: salat (cf. Isra' and mi'aj)
|
|
622-
632 |
Qur'an
Medinan Verses |
- greater emphasis on shari'a: intoxicants,
dietary law, gambling, family law,
inheritance
Jihad
relationship to ahl al-kitab
|
|
632-661 |
Rightly Guided
Caliphs |
- consultation of Qur'an and Sunna of
Muhammad (as living memory)
also: rudimentary form of ijma' (consensus
of community) and ijtihad (striving)
|
|
661-750 |
Umayyad
Caliphate |
- time of political and ideological unrest;
breakdown of ijma' (consensus)
|
|
750 -
950 |
Four great Imams |
- development of four (six) schools of law
|
|
10-19th
century |
|
- "closing of the gates of ijtihad"
- emphasis on taqlid
|
|
20th
century |
Reform Islam |
- revivification of fiqh (legal thought)
"neo-ijtihad," modern reform of aspects of
shari'a
|