| Dates |
Location: |
Sources (non-formal) |
Sources (formal) |
Schacht thesis |
| 610 - 622 |
Mecca |
-
Emphasis on theology: tawhid, afterlife, lessons of history
-
basic practice: salat (cf. Isra' and mir'aj)
|
Qur'an (in progress) |
|
| 622- 632 |
Medina |
-
greater emphasis on shari'a: intoxicants, dietary
law, gambling, family law, inheritance
-
Jihad
-
relationship to ahl al-kitab
|
Qur'an (in progress) |
|
| 632-661 |
Rightly Guided Caliphs in Medina |
-
consultation of Qur'an and Sunna
of Muhammad (as living memory)
-
also: rudimentary form of ijma' (consensus
of community) and ijtihad (striving)
|
Qur'an and Sunna |
|
| 661-750 |
Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus |
-
time of political and ideological unrest; breakdown of ijma'
(consensus)
|
|
|
| 750 - 950 |
Four great Imams in
different parts of the Abbasid caliphate |
-
development of four (six) schools of law
|
Hadith |
|
| 10-19th century |
|
-
"closing of the gates of ijtihad"
-
emphasis on taqlid
|
|
|
| 20th century |
Reform Islam |
-
revivification of fiqh (legal thought)
-
"neo-ijtihad," modern reform of aspects of
shari'a
|
|
|