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Jahiliyya
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God gives guideance
(Shari'ah) to his community
through usul al-fiqh
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1: Qur'an
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2: Sunna of Muhammad
6/7 major Sunni Hadith collections
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3: Qiyas (analogy)
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4: Ijma’
(consensus of the
community
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Ijtihad (exertion / struggle) to understand God’s
guidance (Shari'ah)
Content
of God's Guideance
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narrative
theology
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jurisprudic injunctions
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aggadah
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halakhah
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*
oneness of God (tawhid)
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'ibadat (acts of
worship)
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mu'amalat (transactions)
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*Last
Judgement / heaven and hell /
reward and punishment)
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* niyyah (intention)
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*
criminal penalties (incl. apostacy)
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*
former prophets
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*
five pillars of Islam
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*
contracts
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* fitrah (no original sin)
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*
purification
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*
trade / usury
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* Satan / Iblis
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funeral obligations
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*
inheritance
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* God is merciful and forgiving
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*
practice of secluding oneself
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*
marriage
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* “people of the Book”
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*
jihad (struggle)
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*
divorce
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* dhikr
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*
dietary restrictions (food and alcohol/drugs)
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* modesty
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*
Development of four different Sunni schools (madhhabs) of “Islamic Law:” from the
8-9th century onward.
* Closing
of the “gates of Ijtihad”
in 10th century; thereafter taqlid (imitation, adherence to authoritative
precedent)
* Modernist
and Islamist movements of 19th and 20th century
undertake “neo-ijtihad”
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